【易学PTE】真题鸡精-阅读FIB （PART 1）（更新日期：2018-11-16）1 Teenage daughterYourteenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, andvolunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car,her text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. Howcan teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to twophysicians at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) whohave been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of theadolescent brain. “The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewermiles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. “It’s aparadoxical time of development.These are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure what to dowith them.” Inanimals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cordcalled the central pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that drivemuscles to contract rhythmicallyin a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal fromthe brain instructs the CPG to switch between different modes, such as going from a standstill towalking. 你十几岁的女儿在学校成绩最好，辩论队队长，无家可归者收容所的志愿者。但在开着家里的车时，她发短信给她最好的朋友，并追尾了另一辆车。 青少年怎么会如此聪明、有成就、有责任感——同时又如此鲁莽呢?波士顿儿童医院(Children 's Hospital Boston)和哈佛医学院(HarvardMedical School, HMS)的两名医生一直在探索青少年大脑的独特结构和化学成分，他们说，这很容易。“青少年的大脑不仅仅是一个成年人的大脑，大脑上的里程更少，”神经学教授弗朗西斯e詹森(Frances E. Jensen)说。“这是一个矛盾的发展时期。这些人的大脑非常敏锐，但他们不太确定该怎么处理。 在动物身上，运动是由脊髓中一簇叫做中央模式发生器(CPG)的神经元协调的。这产生的信号会驱使肌肉有节奏地收缩，这种收缩方式会产生跑步或步行，这取决于脉冲的模式。来自大脑的一个简单信号指示CPG在不同的模式之间切换，比如从静止到行走。 2 PinkerIna sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the MindWorks, Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional livesmay have originated asevolutionary adaptions, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on thePleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Roadrage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executiveswith corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women whobecome mechanical engineers—all may have their rootsin natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implicationsare obvious: that men and women might differin their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example,or that parenting may have little influenceon personality. 在一系列畅销书中，包括《语言本能》(Language Instinct)和《大脑如何运作》(HowThe Mind Works)，平克认为，我们的精神、社交和情感生活可能起源于进化适应，非常适合我们祖先在更新世大草原(Pleistocenesavannah)外的生活。有时候，似乎没有什么东西可以不被这样解释。平克说，路怒症、通奸、婚姻、利他主义、我们倾向于奖励高层管理人员在顶楼设立角落办公室，以及越来越少的女性成为机械工程师——所有这些都可能源于自然选择。有争议的含义是显而易见的:例如，男性和女性在执行某些任务时的先天能力可能有所不同，或者养育子女对个性的影响可能微乎其微。 3 Video-Conferencing TechnologyNeverhas the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intensescrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetingscontribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-UScompany Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partneredwith the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become moreenvironmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-facemeetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden ofinternational travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on apoint-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's Virtua Live technology,however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywherein the world - with unrivalled transmissionquality. 跨国公司的碳足迹从未受到如此严格的审查。城际火车旅行和进行面对面商务会议的长途飞行大大增加了温室气体排放，并对环境造成了压力。英美公司Teliris已经推出了一种新的视频会议技术，并与碳中和公司合作，使公司机构变得更加环保。这一创新让模拟面对面的会议可以在不同大洲举行，而不必承受国际旅行的时间压力或环境负担。以前的设计使视频会议在点对点，双位置的基础上。然而，该公司的VirtuaLive技术可以将世界上5个不同地点的人们聚集在一起，传输质量无与伦比。 4 Australia Higher Education FundingFinancingof Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding foruniversities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumedfull responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the intentionof making university accessible toall Australians who had the ability andwho wished to participate in higher education. Sincethe late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, theAustralian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme(HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance theircontributions. This enabled university to remain accessibleto students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off theirloans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduceda scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - thePostgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comesfrom various sources. This article examines the three main sources - AustralianGovernment funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion oftotal revenue raised through HECSis relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students'university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several yearsafter leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics ofuniversity students based on their HECS liability status, and the level ofaccumulated HECS debt. 自20世纪70年代初以来，澳大利亚高等教育的融资经历了巨大的变化。虽然澳大利亚政府从20世纪50年代末开始为大学提供定期资助，但在1974年，它承担了为高等教育提供资金的全部责任——取消学费，目的是让所有有能力并希望参加高等教育的澳大利亚人都能上大学。 自上世纪80年代末以来，私人捐款(尤其是学费)有所增加。1989年，澳大利亚政府推出了高等教育缴费计划(hs)，其中包括一项贷款计划，帮助学生资助他们的缴费。这使得学生可以通过延迟支付学费直到他们能够偿还贷款来继续就读大学。2002年，澳大利亚政府推出了一项类似于研究生入学考试的计划——研究生教育贷款计划(PELS)。高等教育的资金来源多种多样。这篇文章考察了三个主要的来源——澳大利亚政府资助，学生费用和收费，和HECS。虽然通过高等教育筹集的收入占总收入的比例相对较小，高等教育的支付是学生大学费用的一个重要组成部分，许多学生在离开大学后背负着高等教育债务数年。本文还从高等学校学生的高等教育负债状况、高等教育负债积累水平等方面分析了大学生高等教育负债的特点。 5 Social IsolationSounddepressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20 years fromnow, two out of five households will be single occupancy.And there is evidence the situation is already deteriorating.According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the AmericanSociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two closefriends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone totalk with about important things---And yet, while some are declaring a crisis in our ability to makefriends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy ofFriendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Britonhas 54 friends - a spectacular rise of64 per cent since 2003. 听起来很压抑，甚至是世界末日?它可能是未来。如果政府的预测是正确的，大约20年后，五分之二的家庭将是单身。有证据表明，情况已经在恶化。2006年发表在《美国社会学评论》(American Sociological Review)上的一篇题为《美国的社会孤立》(Social Isolation in America)的报告指出，如今普通美国人只有两个亲密的朋友。25%的受访者表示，他们没有任何人可以谈论重要的事情——然而，尽管一些人宣称，我们交朋友的能力出现了危机，但其他人的看法却恰恰相反。例如，MSN去年11月发布的《友谊剖析报告》(Anatomy of Friendship Report)显示，英国人平均拥有54位朋友——自2003年以来，这一数字惊人地增长了64%。 6 EdisonThomasAlva Edison was both a scientistand an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also tobe responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born,society still thought of electricityas a novelty, a fad. Bythe time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison.In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famousof his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb,Edison developed the phonographand the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. ThomasEdison is also the first person in the US to make his own filmstrips. He also improved upon the original design of thestock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believedin hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted assaying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.” In tribute to this important American,electric lights in the United States were dimmedfor one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death. 托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生既是科学家又是发明家。爱迪生生于1847年，他一生中会看到巨大的变化。他还负责使许多这些变化发生。爱迪生出生时，社会仍然认为电是一种新奇的东西，是一种时尚。 当他去世时，整个城市都被电点燃了。这一进步很大程度上归功于爱迪生。在他的有生之年，爱迪生为1093项发明申请了专利，为他赢得了“门洛帕克的巫师”的绰号。他最著名的发明是白炽灯泡。除了电灯泡，爱迪生还发明了留声机和电影放映机，这是一个用来观看电影的小盒子。 托马斯·爱迪生也是美国第一个自己制作电影胶片的人。他还改进了股票行情、电报和亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔的电话的原始设计。他相信努力工作，有时一天工作20个小时。爱迪生曾说过:“天才是百分之一的灵感加上百分之九十九的汗水。”1931年10月21日，为了向这位重要的美国人致敬，在他死后几天，美国的电灯一度熄灭。 7 ImpressionismImpressionismwas a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association ofParis-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visiblebrush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (oftenaccentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, andunusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression,soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiricreview published in Le Charivari. Radicalsin their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. Theybegan by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters suchas Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act ofpainting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-livesand portraits, but also landscapes had been paintedindoors, but theImpressionists found that they could capturethe momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (inplain air). 印象派是19世纪的一场艺术运动，始于一个由巴黎艺术家组成的松散联盟，他们在19世纪60年代开始公开展示自己的艺术。印象派绘画的特征包括可见的笔触、浅色、开放的构图、强调光线变化的特性(经常强调时间流逝的影响)、普通的主题和不寻常的视角。这一运动的名字来源于克劳德·莫奈的《日出》(《印象》、《太阳》)。评论家路易斯·勒罗伊在《查理周报》发表的一篇讽刺评论中无意中创造了这个词。 在他们那个时代，早期的印象派画家打破了学院派绘画的规则。他们一开始就给人以色彩，随意刷过，把线条画在首位，从尤金·德拉克罗瓦(Eugene Delacroix)等画家的作品中汲取灵感。他们也把绘画从画室带到了世界。在此之前，不仅静物和肖像，而且风景画都是在室内画的，印象派画家发现他们可以通过画空气(在普通空气中)来捕捉阳光瞬间和短暂的效果。 8 Trigger PointsAllapproaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to releasepainful knots of muscle known as"trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle thatare almost constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contractioncauses pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle.This is what deep tissue massage aims to break. "The way to do this, as Ifound out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, andthen to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle torelax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "Ifyou cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trickthe body into relaxing the musclethat is in spasm." 所有的方法都旨在增加血液流向紧张区域，并释放疼痛的肌肉结，即所谓的“触发点”。“触发点是肌肉的紧张区域，这些区域几乎一直在收缩，”Kippen说。“收缩会导致疼痛，而疼痛反过来又会导致收缩，所以你就有了一个恶性循环。”这就是深层组织按摩的目的所在。“要做到这一点，正如我在奥格登贝的肘部下所发现的那样，方法是对点施加压力，停止血液流动，然后释放，这导致大脑向受影响的区域大量供血，鼓励肌肉放松。”与此同时，Kippen说，你可以通过对附近的一个互补肌施加压力来骗过紧张的肌肉放松。“如果你让任何肌肉收缩，它的对立面就会膨胀。”所以你试图让身体放松痉挛中的肌肉。 9 University ScienceUniversityscience is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bitsof it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offeringchemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. Thesociety predicts that as few assix departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford)could remain open by 2014. Mostrecently，Exeter University closed downits chemistry department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristoltook in some of the refugees Theclosures have been blamed on a fall instudent applications, but money is a factor:chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example- and some scientists say that the way thegovernment concentrates research funding ona small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem. 大学科学现在正处于真正的危机中——尤其是那些不上镜、不上相的东西，比如化学。英国皇家化学学会(RoyalSociety of chemistry)的数据显示，自1996年以来，已有28所大学停止提供化学学位。 该协会预测，到2014年，只有6个学院(达勒姆大学、剑桥大学、帝国理工学院、伦敦大学学院、布里斯托尔大学和牛津大学)可以继续营业。最近,埃克塞特大学关闭了其化学系,指责“市场力量”,和布里斯托尔的难民 闭包被归咎于学生申请下降,但钱是一个因素:化学度是昂贵的提供,与英语相比,例如,一些科学家说,政府对少数集中研究经费最高部门,如布里斯托尔,加剧了问题。 10 SportswomenSportswomen'srecords are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need to get out and startinterviewing people, not to put too fine a pointon it, while we still have a chance.After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the storiesare lost too. 女运动员的记录很重要，需要被保存。如果纸上的记录不存在，我们需要走出去，开始采访人们，直截了当的，在我们还有机会的时候。毕竟，如果这些记录没有以某种形式保存下来，那么这些故事也会丢失。 11 PovertyMeasuringpoverty on a global scale requires establishinga uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies, which can resultin only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international povertyline as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), whichadjusts for differences in the prices ofgoods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally usedfor the least developedcountries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middleincomeeconomies such as those of East Asia and Latin America. 要在全球范围内衡量贫困，需要在极端不同的经济体中建立统一的贫困水平，这只能导致粗略的比较。世界银行将1993年的国际贫困线定义为每天1美元和2美元的购买力平价(PPP)，这是根据各国商品和服务价格的差异进行调整的。每天1美元的数额一般用于最不发达国家，主要是非洲国家;每天2美元的标准用于东亚和拉丁美洲等中等收入经济体。 12 AdvertisementAlmostall public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms ofmedia, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasivepresence reflects the value ofadvertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customersabout the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable tomake informed assessments whenlooking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, thepromotion of products and practices thatcontribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treatminor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to makeus look and feel better- would be infinitelymore problematic thanit is. And without advertisements and the aspirationsrepresented in them, the world would be a far duller place. 如今，几乎所有的公共空间都有广告，各种形式的媒体，从报纸到电影再到互联网，都充斥着广告。这种无处不在的存在反映了广告对我们的价值。如果没有it，各种类型和规模的企业将很难向潜在客户提供他们所提供的产品或服务，消费者在寻找要购买的产品和要使用的服务时将无法进行知情评估。如果没有广告，那些有助于我们身体和心理健康的产品和做法的推广——治疗小病的药物、保护我们的保险计划、让我们看起来更好、感觉更好的服装和化妆品——将比实际问题严重得多。如果没有广告和广告所代表的愿望，世界将会变得更加沉闷。 13 Indian OnionThemost vital ingredient in Indiancooking, the basic element withwhich all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, thepink onion is an essential item in theshopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that youwill never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past fewdays, another sharp surge inprices has begun to unsettle the influentialurban middle classes. The sudden spikein prices has been caused by large exports to be neighboringcountries and a shortage of supply.With its capacity for bringing down governments and scarring political careers,the onion plays an explosive rolein Indian politics. This week reports of rising onion prices have madefront-page news and absorbed the attention of the governing elite. 粉红洋葱是印度烹饪中最重要的原料，是所有菜肴的基本原料，通常是最便宜的蔬菜，在所有阶层家庭的购物篮中都是必不可少的。有句流行的谚语说，你永远不会挨饿，因为你总是买得起一块面包(一块简单的平面包)和一个洋葱。 但最近几周，洋葱似乎开始成为印度穷人难以负担的奢侈品。在过去的几天里，价格的又一次大幅上涨已经开始让有影响力的城市中产阶级感到不安。价格的突然飙升是由邻国的大量出口和供应短缺造成的。洋葱具有颠覆政府、伤害政治生涯的能力，在印度政治中扮演着爆炸性的角色。本周有关洋葱价格上涨的报道成了头版新闻，并吸引了执政精英的注意。 14 SeatbeltI am a cyclist and a motorist.I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce therisk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I havepersuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons callthose without helmets, "donors on wheels”. But a book on 'Risk’ by mycolleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely undermined my confidence in theseapparently sensible precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularlyin relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do what they aresupposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seatbelts save many thousands of lives every year. Between 1970 and 1978 countriesin which the wearing of seat bells is compulsoryhad on average about five percent road accident death than beforethe introduction of law. In the United Kingdom road deaths decreased steadilyabout seven thousand a year in 1972 to just over four thousand in 1989. Thereis no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that wasintroduced in 1983. there’s actually evidence that the number of cyclists andpedestals killed increased by about ten percent That twice as many childrenwere killed in road accidents in 1922 as now must not be taken as evidence thatthere is less risk when children play in the street today It almost certainlyreflects the care taken by parents in keeping children off the streets. 我是一个骑自行车和开车的人。我开车时系好安全带，在自行车上戴上头盔，以减少受伤的风险。我相信这些都是谨慎的安全措施。我说服了许多朋友戴头盔，理由是移植外科医生把那些没有头盔的人称为“车轮上的捐赠者”。但我的同事约翰•亚当斯(JohnAdams)写了一本关于“风险”的书，这让我重新审视了自己的信念。 亚当斯完全破坏了我对这些明显明智的预防措施的信心。他令人信服地论证了，特别是在安全带方面，他们做他们应该做的事的证据是非常可疑的。尽管有很多人声称安全带每年拯救了成千上万人的生命，但事实并非如此。在1970年到1978年之间，强制佩戴座椅铃铛的国家比引入法律之前平均有5%的交通事故死亡。在英国，道路死亡人数在1972年每年稳步下降约7000人，1989年仅略高于4000人。1983年颁布的安全带法没有任何效果的证据。有证据表明,骑自行车和基座的死亡数量增加了两倍约百分之十,在1922年在交通事故中丧生的孩子现在不能作为证据,减少风险当孩子在街上玩耍今天,它几乎肯定会反映了照顾被父母让孩子。 15 Spanish languageIfafter years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible tounderstand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted.Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish norCastilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political -the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standarddialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard LatinAmerican. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it isgenerally spoken in the mountainous areasof Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents ofcountries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak LatinAmerican Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and itsstrong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries and was brought to the Americas by the earlycolonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, calledCastilian, developed characteristics thatnever reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci"and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thankyou) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" inLatin America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros"(you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castiliansounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents. 如果在上了多年的西班牙语课之后，有些人仍然觉得不可能听懂一些以西班牙语为母语的人说的话，他们不应该担心。这并不一定意味着课程被浪费了。数百万说西班牙语的人既不使用标准的拉丁美洲西班牙语，也不使用在美国学校占主导地位的卡斯提尔语。这种困惑在一定程度上是出于政治原因——说西班牙语的世界非常多样化。西班牙语是19个独立国家和波多黎各的语言。这意味着没有一种标准的方言。美国最常见的西班牙语是标准的拉丁美洲语。它有时被称为“高地”西班牙语，因为它通常在拉丁美洲的山区使用。虽然每个国家都保留着自己的口音和独特的词汇，但墨西哥、哥伦比亚、秘鲁和玻利维亚等国的居民普遍说拉丁美洲的西班牙语，尤其是在城市中心。这种方言以其每个字母的发音和强烈的“r”音著称。这个西班牙语在十六世纪和十七世纪在西班牙被使用，并被早期殖民者带到美洲。然而，马德里和西班牙北部的西班牙人，被称为卡斯提尔人，发展出了从未到达新大陆的特征。这些包括“ci”和“ce”的发音为“th”。在马德里，“gracias”(谢谢)成了“gratheas”(与拉丁美洲的“grassee -as”相反)。另一个区别是“vosotros”(你们所有人，或者你们这些家伙)在西班牙是“ustedes”的非正式形式。卡斯提尔语对拉丁美洲人的发音很像英国英语对美国居民的发音。 16 Ocean floorThe ocean floor is home tomany unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystemsare near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long-coral formation off thenorth-eastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex livingcommunities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun'senergy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of thewater. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking ofcold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discoveredhot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) offthe coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early1970s, scientistshad predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the activespreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperaturesover 1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. Moreexciting, because it was totally unexpected,was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant tube worms, hugeclams, and mussels - that thrived aroundthe hot springs. 海底是许多独特的动植物群落的家园。这些海洋生态系统大多位于水面附近，比如大堡礁，它位于澳大利亚东北海岸，长2000公里。珊瑚礁和几乎所有复杂的生物群落一样，都依赖太阳能来生长(光合作用)。然而，太阳的能量最多只能穿透水面以下300米。相对较浅的太阳能穿透和较冷的、亚极性的水下沉，使大部分深海海底成为一个几乎没有生命形式的寒冷环境。 1977年，科学家在厄瓜多尔海岸外的加拉帕戈斯裂谷(延伸山脊)发现了深度2.5公里的温泉。这个令人兴奋的发现其实并不出人意料。early1970s以来,科学家们预测,温泉(地热喷口)应该在活动传播中心发现沿着大洋中脊,岩浆,在温度超过1000°可能正在形成新的大洋地壳爆发。更令人兴奋的是，因为它完全出乎意料，发现了丰富而不寻常的海洋生物——巨大的管虫，巨大的蛤蜊和贻贝——它们在温泉周围繁盛。 17 "Black" DiamondsAnexotic type of diamond may have come to Earthfrom outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or "black"diamonds, the mysterious stonesare found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are unusual for being the color of charcoaland full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a facethat looks like melted glass. Becauseof their odd appearance, thediamonds are unsuitable asgemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drillbits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty ofFlorida International University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the odd stones werebrought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings werepublished online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. Thescientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infraredlight. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicatingthat the diamonds probably formedin a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. Thediamonds also showed strong similarities totiny Nano diamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're notidentical," Haggerty said,"but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have developedtheories predicting that Nano diamonds form easily in the titanic stellarexplosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. Thedeposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of adiamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa werejoined. 科学家说，一种奇异的钻石可能是从外太空来到地球的。这种神秘的钻石被称为“黑钻石”，在巴西和中非共和国被发现。它们不同寻常的颜色是木炭色，充满泡沫泡沫。这些钻石重达3600多克拉，而且看起来像融化的玻璃。 由于外形奇特，这些钻石不适合作为宝石。但它们确实具有工业用途，并被用于帮助挖掘巴拿马运河的钻头。现在，由迈阿密佛罗里达国际大学的斯蒂芬·哈格蒂领导的一个研究小组提出了一项新的研究，表明这些奇怪的石头是数十亿年前由一颗小行星带到地球的。这些发现发表在12月20日的《天体物理学杂志快报》(Astrophysical journal Letters)网络版上。 科学家们将抛光过的碳水化合物暴露在极高强度的红外光下。这项测试揭示了许多氢碳键的存在，表明这些钻石可能是在富含氢的环境中形成的——比如在太空中发现的。 这些钻石与微小的纳米钻石也有很强的相似之处，纳米钻石经常在陨石中被发现。“它们不是完全一样的，”哈格蒂说，“但它们非常相似。”他补充说，天体物理学家已经发展出理论，预测纳米钻石很容易在“超新星”(supernovas)这一巨大的恒星爆炸中形成，超新星会将碎片散布到星际空间。 他说，中非共和国和巴西的矿藏可能来自数十亿年前一颗富含钻石的小行星的撞击。 18 Reality (Camus’ test)Surely,reality is what we think it is; reality is revealedto us by our experiences. To one extentor another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’seasy to be seduced by the facenature reveals directly to oursenses. Yet, in the decades since first encounteringCamus’ test, I’ve learned that modern science tells a very different story. 当然，现实就是我们所认为的那样;现实是通过我们的经验展现给我们的。在某种程度上，这种对现实的看法是我们许多人都持有的，即使是含蓄的。我发现自己在日常生活中也有这样的想法;我们很容易被大自然直接展现给我们感官的面孔所诱惑。然而，自从第一次遇到加缪的测验以来的几十年里，我了解到现代科学讲述的是一个完全不同的故事。 19 Arabic StudentHERIOT-WATTUniversity in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA inArabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in theirown language. The Edinburgh Business School announcedthe project at a reception inCairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between theuniversity and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said:"The Arabic MBA will raise theprofile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School amongbusinesses in the Arabic- speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region."The first intake of students isexpected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of EdinburghBusiness School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arabworld is a center for business and industrial development. We are proud to workwith Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region." 爱丁堡赫瑞瓦特大学成为欧洲第一个提供阿拉伯语MBA学位的大学。阿拉伯学生可以报名参加远程学习，学习他们自己语言的商业课程。爱丁堡商学院(EdinburghBusiness School)周六在开罗的一个招待会上宣布了这一项目。希望这门课程将改善大学与阿拉伯商界之间的联系。该校一位女发言人表示:“阿拉伯语MBA课程将提高赫瑞瓦特大学(Heriot-Wattuniversity)和爱丁堡商学院(Edinburgh Business School)在阿拉伯语世界企业中的知名度，并将在该地区打造一个强大的毕业生网络。”预计第一批学生将于今年晚些时候入学。爱丁堡商学院(EdinburghBusiness School)院长基思•伦斯登(KeithLumsden)教授表示:“阿拉伯语是一种主要的全球语言，阿拉伯世界是商业和工业发展的中心。我们自豪地与阿拉伯国际教育合作，以满足该地区的需求。 20 Richard MorrisRichardMorris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires anentrance score in the top 5 per percent of students, says attendance has been aproblem since the late 1990s. Sometimesin the lecture we’ve only got about one third of students enrolledattending, he said. Itdefinitely is a problem. If you don’t turn up to class you’re missing out onthe whole richness of the experience: you don’t think a whole lot, you don’t engage indebates with other students or with your teachers. Itis not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a ProVice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was transforming the way students access anduse information. Itis strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist inour universities. 新南威尔士大学会计学院(school of accounting at the University of NSW)的理查德•莫里斯(Richard Morris)表示，自上世纪90年代末以来，出勤率一直是个问题。 他说:“有时候，在我们的讲座中，只有大约三分之一的学生报名参加。 这绝对是个问题。如果你不去上课，你就错过了丰富的课堂体验:你不会想太多，也不会与其他学生或老师进行辩论。 堪培拉大学副校长约翰·迪尔恩(John Dearn)教授表示，情况并非完全悲观。他表示，互联网正在改变学生获取和使用信息的方式。 奇怪的是，尽管有这么多证据表明这些讲座毫无成效，但传统的讲座似乎在我们的大学里依然存在。 21 IkebanaMorethan simply putting flowers in a container,ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity are broughttogether. Contrary to the of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana oftenemphasizes other areas of the plant,such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Thoughikebana is an expression ofcreativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind eacharrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations,natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement. 花道不仅仅是简单地把花放在一个容器里，它还是一种把自然和人性结合在一起的有纪律的艺术形式。花道与花的具体颜色或多颜色排列相反，它通常强调植物的其他部位，如茎和叶，并强调形状、线条和形状。 虽然插花是创造力的一种表达方式，但它的形式受到某些规则的支配。艺术家在每一种安排背后的意图通过一个作品的颜色组合，自然的形状，优雅的线条，和安排的寓意来展示。 22 Edible InsectsFancylocust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but else where it’s adifferent story. Edible insects – termites, stick insects, dragonflies,grasshoppers and giant water bugs – are on the menu for an estimated 80 percent of the world’spopulation. Morethan 1000 species of insects are served uparound the world. For example, “kungu cakes” – made from midges – are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is aninsect-eating – or entomophagous – hotspot, where more than 200 insect speciesare consumed. Demand is so highthat 40 species are now under threat,including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipperbutterfly fetch around $250 akilogram. Eatinginsects makes nutritional sense.Some contain more protein thanmeat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per centprotein. Insects can be a good source ofvitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten inAngola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. Whatdo they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant waterbugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably,inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are oftenaccidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administrationeven issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods.For example, it is acceptable for225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments. 花蝗当午餐?如果你住在西方，可能不会，但在其他地方就不同了。可食用昆虫——白蚁、竹节虫、蜻蜓、蚱蜢和巨型水虫——在全世界大约80%的人口的菜单上都有。 全世界有超过1000种昆虫可用来招待。例如，用蠓做成的“kungucakes”在非洲部分地区很受欢迎。墨西哥是一个以昆虫为食或以昆虫为食的热点地区，有200多种昆虫被吃掉。需求量如此之大，目前有40个物种正受到威胁，其中包括白色龙舌兰蠕虫。这些龙舌兰巨蝶幼虫的售价约为每公斤250美元。 吃昆虫有营养价值。有些比肉或鱼含有更多的蛋白质。例如，雌性舞毒蛾的蛋白质含量约为80%。昆虫也是维生素和矿物质的良好来源:安哥拉一种毛虫(Usta Terpsichore)食物富含铁、锌和硫胺素。 它们尝起来像什么?显然，蚂蚁有柠檬汤，而大水虫则有薄荷味和火蚁蛹味的西瓜味。你可能在不经意间就已经尝过这些东西了，因为昆虫通常是其他种类食物的意外游客。美国食品和药物管理局(fda)甚至发布了某些食品中允许携带昆虫器官数量的指南。例如，225克通心粉含有225个昆虫碎片是可以接受的。 23 Foreign students' English standardsFederalEducation Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidencethat foreign students are graduating from Australian universities with poor English skills. Researchby Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign studentsare graduating without a competent level of English. But Ms Bishop says Australianuniversities only enrol foreign students once they have achieved internationalstandards of language proficiency. "Thishas been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on ouruniversities," she said. "Internationalstudents must meet international benchmarksin English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia andthey can't get into university without reaching that internationalstandard." Universityof Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students arerequired to sit an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australianuniversities. "There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well aslanguage difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also manyAustralian students who don't speak such fantasticallygood English either. So we're trying to push the standard evenhigher than present but it's a very useful one already." MsBishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seenno evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their coursesbecause they're failing in English yet they're being passed by theuniversities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. Internationaleducation is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export andit's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standardsbecause their reputation is atstake.” 联邦教育部长朱莉·毕晓普说，她没有看到外国学生从澳大利亚大学毕业时英语水平很差的证据。 莫纳什大学学者鲍勃·伯勒尔的研究发现，三分之一的外国学生毕业时英语水平不高。但毕晓普表示，澳大利亚大学只有在外国学生达到国际语言能力标准后才会招收他们。 “这是伯雷尔教授对我们大学的一次非同寻常的攻击，”她说。“国际学生必须在英语方面达到国际标准，才能在澳大利亚的一所大学获得入学资格，如果达不到国际标准，他们就进不了大学。” 堪培拉大学副校长罗杰·迪恩还说，国际学生在进入几乎所有澳大利亚大学之前都必须参加英语考试。他说:“当然，有跨文化的困难，也有语言上的困难。”当然，也有很多澳大利亚学生英语说得不是很好。因此，我们正试图将标准提高到比目前更高的水平，但这已经是一个非常有用的标准。 毕晓普表示，澳大利亚的大学体系有着高标准。她说:“我没有看到任何证据表明，学生不能完成他们的课程，因为他们的英语不及格，但他们通过了大学。”“我没有看到任何证据支持这一点。国际教育是我们最大的出口之一，是我们第四大出口，保持很高的标准符合我们大学的利益，因为他们的声誉岌岌可危。 24 Burger KingDrivedown any highway, andyou’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel longand far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for BurgerKing, Hardee’s, andWendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King hasfallen short of claiming theburger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status.Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2. Worseyet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customertraffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the otherthree contenders have increased.The decline has been attributed toinconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chaintends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding ofIntegrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internalmanagement problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-termstrategy can be put in place. Theimportance of consistency inbrand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basictenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s ordermust communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Haveit your way,” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chainrestaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable. 开往任何公路,你会看到一个扩散链restaurants-most有可能的是,如果你旅行长,足够远,你会看到麦当劳的金色拱门以及招牌汉堡王,荷迪,和温迪汉堡的“四大”。尽管它的名字叫汉堡王，但它还没有获得汉堡王的称号，无法超越市场领导者麦当劳的第一名。永远是伴娘而不是新娘，汉堡王仍然是第二名。 更糟糕的是，汉堡王的顾客流量已经连续六年下降22%，总体质量评级下降，而其他三家竞争者的评级却有所上升。下降的原因是产品质量不稳定和客户服务差。尽管该连锁企业倾向于在这个问题上投入广告资金，但对整合营销传播理论的理解表明，内部管理问题(50年内有19位CEO)需要得到纠正，才能制定出统一的长期战略。 在品牌形象和信息的各个层次的传播中，一致性的重要性已经成为IMC理论和实践的基本原则。接受顾客点餐的人必须传达出与汉堡王(BurgerKing)那句著名口号相同的信息:“随你便”(letit your way)，否则顾客就会在高速公路上直奔一家连锁餐厅，这家餐厅看起来更一致，因此也更可靠。 降低任何公路,你会看到一个扩散链restaurants-most有可能的是,如果你旅行长,足够远,你会看到麦当劳的金色拱门以及招牌汉堡王,荷迪,和温迪汉堡的“四大”。尽管它的名字叫汉堡王，但它还没有获得汉堡王的称号，无法超越市场领导者麦当劳的第一名。永远是伴娘而不是新娘，汉堡王仍然是第二名。 更糟糕的是，汉堡王的顾客流量已经连续六年下降22%，总体质量评级下降，而其他三家竞争者的评级却有所上升。下降的原因是产品质量不稳定和客户服务差。尽管该连锁企业倾向于在这个问题上投入广告资金，但对整合营销传播理论的理解表明，内部管理问题(50年内有19位ceo)需要得到纠正，才能制定出统一的长期战略。 在品牌形象和信息的各个层次的传播中，一致性的重要性已经成为IMC理论和实践的基本原则。接受顾客点餐的人必须传达出与汉堡王(BurgerKing)那句著名口号相同的信息:“随你便”(letit your way)，否则顾客就会在高速公路上直奔一家连锁餐厅，这家餐厅看起来更一致，因此也更可靠。 25 KashmiriTwo decades ago, Kashmirihouseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, thehyacinth-choked waters of DalLake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikarascarrying Indian families, bohowesterners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anythingremotely embroideredwhile the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusualaccommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989, everything changed. Hindusand countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lakestagnated, and the houseboats rotted.Any foreigners venturingthere risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans werekidnapped and murdered. 20年前，每年春天，克什米尔船主们都要为每年的游客涌入而摩拳擦掌。从5月到10月，在达尔湖的风信子般的湖水里，可以看到一批批生动描绘的香叶船载着印度家庭、波西米亚人、年轻的旅行者和睁大眼睛的日本人。地毯销售商磨练了他们的技能，就像任何远程刺绣的供应商一样，由英国统治发起的家庭船提供了不寻常的住宿。经济蓬勃发展。1989年，一切都变了。印度教徒和数不清的克什米尔商人逃跑了，十年间至少有3.5万人丧生，湖水停滞不前，游艇腐烂。1995年，五名年轻的欧洲人被绑架和谋杀，证明了任何在那里冒险的外国人都冒着生命危险。 26 Visual artItis the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as aprewriting stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. Theresult of the art creation process allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create morecoherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece ofpaper. Effective authors are able to create imageryand to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and textstructures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanicsof the writing process, i.e. fine motor control for printinglegibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules.As a result, texts written by young writers be simplistic and formulaic. Theartwork facilitates the writingprocess, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditionalwriting-first crayon drawing-second approach. 这篇文章的主张是，学生们使用视觉艺术作为预先写作的刺激，正在组合他们的想法在图像和文字。艺术创作过程的结果，让学生有足够的距离来阐述，添加细节，创造出更连贯的文本。写作的过程不仅仅是把文字写在一张纸上。有效的作者能够使用精心挑选的单词、短语和文本结构来创造意象和交流思想。初出茅庐的作家在书写过程中会遇到一些困难，比如书写清晰时的精细动作控制、拼写模式的回忆、句法和语法规则的使用。因此，年轻作家所写的文本过于简单化和公式化。艺术作品促进了写作过程，使得文本比传统的先用蜡笔再用素描的方式更丰富、更复杂。 27 OrchestraAwayfrom the rumble ofShanghai's highways and the cacophonyof the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on aweekend morning, you'll hear the sound ofclassical music drifting from a piano, played by a10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wanderdown another alley toward drabskyscraper and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from aviolin, or perhaps a cello,accordion or flute. InChina, classical music is booming asmightily as the 1812 Overture.It's fortissimo inShanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra,forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding ¥100-200 ($12.50-$25) per hour,private music teachers inShanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthlyincome. 远离上海高速公路的隆隆声和购物区的喧嚣，漫步在满是一排排高大砖房的小巷里。在傍晚或周末的早晨，你会听到古典音乐从钢琴中飘出，钢琴是10岁的孩子或70多岁的祖母弹奏的。漫步在另一条通向单调的摩天大楼的小路上，你会听到贝多芬或莫扎特演奏小提琴，或者大提琴、手风琴或长笛。 在中国，古典音乐像《1812序曲》一样蓬勃发展。它位于上海，是中国最古老的管弦乐队的故乡，在北京和其他热闹的城市，它的地位越来越高。指挥¥100 - 200每小时(12.50 - 25美元),私人音乐教师在上海很容易赚的比人均月收入的5倍。 28 KimbellThe first section of the bookcovers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London)responds to criticisms of designprograms as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-takingrather than hard work in design innovation is equallyproblematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration ofdesign innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices,and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes ispresented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborativeelement and digital photographs,in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does notrecognize students as design innovators.The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about“having, growing, and proving” ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as“wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term,“sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design lightbulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process ofoptimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtfulcriticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualitiessuch as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow andill-defined. The author provides examples ofthe project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, andtheir sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in theAppendix. 这本书的第一部分介绍了新的评估模式。在第一章中，Kimbell(伦敦戈德史密斯学院)回应了关于设计项目形式主义和传统的批评，指出在设计创新中注重冒险而不是努力工作同样有问题。他的研究包括三个部分，包括对设计创新品质的初步探索，课堂实践的调查，以及基于证据的评估的发展。他描述的评估以结构化的工作表的形式呈现，包括协作元素和数字照片，以故事的形式呈现。这种设备鼓励激发灵感，但不承认学生是设计创新者。评估表包括整体印象以及关于“拥有、成长和证明”想法的细节。 口语化的判断很明显，比如“哇”和“打哈欠”，用“闪闪发光”这个词奖励创意的质量和数量。此外，评估的重点是优化或复杂控制的过程，以及用深思熟虑的批评来证明想法，而不仅仅是产生新的想法。有关用户的“技术”和“美学”等品质的定义太过狭隘，定义也不够明确。作者在附录中提供了这个项目的例子，它的特点和结构，学生的笔记和判断，以及他们完成的灯泡包裹的草图和照片。 29 Icing and anti-inflammatoriesIcingand anti-inflammatories will helpwith the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage ofthe knot in the musclewill help it to relax and easethe pain. Meanwhile, work on strengtheningand stretching your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. For stretching, focus on the hamstringstretch, the hip and lower-back stretch, and the hamstring and back stretch.For strengthening, try side leg lifts. 冰敷和消炎药有助于缓解疼痛和肿胀。用力按摩肌肉的结会帮助它放松和减轻疼痛。同时，加强和伸展你的臀部、腿筋和下背部肌肉。拉伸时，集中于腿筋拉伸，臀部和下背部拉伸，以及腿筋和背部拉伸。为了加强力量，尝试侧抬腿。 30 English class at Beijing Language InstituteTherewere twenty-six freshmen in majoring inEnglish at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another elevenboy and girls who has come from bigcities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that wewould each get more attention from the skilful teachers. The better the school,the smaller the class. Irealized that my classmates were ready all talkingin English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in theirred-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curvingand dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretchedto catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn’t understand it all, only that it wasEnglish. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had readthem and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluentmanner. My big plan of beating thecity folks was thawing before myeyes. 1983届北京语言学院英语专业新生26人。我和另外11个来自中国大城市的男孩和女孩被分配到第二组。我被告知，语言学习需要小，这样我们每个人都会从熟练的老师那里得到更多的关注。学校越好，班级就越小。 我意识到我的同学们都准备好了用英语交谈，在面红耳赤的介绍中互相抛出简单的句子，畅所欲言。他们的语调是弯曲和戏剧性的，他们的发音是精致和准确的。但当我伸开四肢去抓住他们嗡嗡作响的对话时，我完全听不懂，只知道那是英语。这些话现在在我面前飞来飞去，听起来有点耳熟。我读过它们，并试着说它们，但我从未听过它们以如此迅速、流利的方式对我说话。我打败城里人的宏伟计划在我眼前逐渐瓦解 (我的计划落空了)。 31 Morality of the welfare systemThemorality of the welfare state depends oncontribution and responsibility. Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, thechoices of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to payfor the effects of theirirresponsibility or trust the state to educatethem. Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling - thefirst two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state nowgoes further: it acts in favour of sexual and racial minorities. In the case ofgay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantagesunder which they have lived and ensuring that society as a whole observes the new order. 福利国家的道德取决于贡献和责任。由于有些人不捐款，许多人是不负责任的，那些捐款和有责任的人的选择要么是容忍搭便车的人，要么是拒绝为不负责任的后果买单，要么是相信政府会对他们进行教育。因此，政府发起了反对吸烟、酗酒、肥胖和高油耗的运动——前两项运动稳固地进行着，而另外两项运动则愈演愈烈。但英国政府现在走得更远:它的行为有利于性和种族少数派。就男同性恋和女同性恋而言，这意味着逐步消除他们生活在其中的法律劣势，并确保整个社会遵守新秩序。 32 PlanesBy2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many as planes, and not just thekind of traffic flying today. There will be thousandsof tiny jets, seating six orfewer, at airliner altitudes,competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoidingmid-air collisions, and withcommercially operated rockets carrying satellitesand tourists into space. 政府专家说，到2025年，美国的天空将会挤满有三倍于现在的飞机，而不仅仅是今天的交通状况。在客机飞行高度，将有数千架小型喷气式飞机，可容纳6人或更少，它们将与需要帮助避免空中碰撞的遥控无人机竞争太空，以及搭载卫星和游客进入太空的商用火箭竞争。 33 StressStressis what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When youare stressed, your body responds asthough you are in danger. It makes hormones thatspeed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy.This is called the fight-or- fight stress response. Somestress is normal and even useful.Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it canhelp you win a rare or finish an important jobon time. Butif stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects.It can be linked to headaches, anupset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight off disease. 压力是当你不得不处理比以往更多的事情时的感觉。当你有压力时，你的身体会做出反应，就好像你身处险境一样。它使荷尔蒙加速你的心跳，让你呼吸更快，给你能量的爆发。这被称为“对抗或对抗压力反应”。 有些压力是正常的，甚至是有用的。如果你需要努力工作或快速反应，压力可以帮助你。例如，它可以帮助你赢得一个罕见的或完成一个重要的工作准时。 但如果压力太频繁或持续太久，就会产生不良影响。它可能与头痛、胃部不适、背部疼痛和睡眠障碍有关。它会削弱你的免疫系统，使你更难抵抗疾病。 34 Jean PiagetJeanPiaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of hisprofessional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers aroundthe world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't thinklike grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people often barelyold enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect thatbehind their cute and seemingly illogical utteranceswere thought processes that had their own kind of order and theirown special logic. Einstein called it a discovery“so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget'sinsight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end ofa wide-ranging and remarkably prolific researchcareer that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication atage 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developedseveral new fields of science: developmental psychology, cognitive theory andwhat came to be called genetic epistemology Although not an educationalreformer, he fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided thefoundation for today’s education-reform movements. It was ashift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages” and"cannibals” by modem anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the firstto take children's thinking seriously. 瑞士哲学家、心理学家让•皮亚杰(Jean Piaget)是一位先驱，他的职业生涯大部分时间都在倾听孩子们的声音，观察孩子们，研究世界各地研究人员的报告。简而言之，他发现孩子们不像成年人那样思考。皮亚杰在与几乎不太会说话的年轻人进行了数千次交流之后，开始怀疑在他们可爱且看似不合逻辑的话语背后的思维过程有着自己的秩序和独特的逻辑。爱因斯坦称这个发现“如此简单，只有天才才能想到”。 皮亚杰的洞察力为我们打开了一扇新的窗户，让我们了解大脑的内部运作方式。广泛年底和非常多产的研究跨越近75年的职业生涯,从他第一次科学出版10岁,工作还在进行,当他在84年去世,皮亚杰已经开发了一些新的科学领域:发展心理学,认知理论,被称为发生认识论虽然不是一个教育改革家,他倡导了一个儿童的思考方式, 为今天的教育改革运动提供了基础。这一转变堪比现代人类学对“贵族野人”和“食人族”故事的取代。有人可能会说皮亚杰是第一个认真对待儿童思维的人。 35 The writing on the wall 不祥之兆Theinevitable consequences include rampantcorruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies，chronic wasteof resources, rampant environmental degradationand soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of anideologically bankrupt communist party is inconsistentwith the pluralism of opinion，securityof property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As aresult, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutionsdeveloped elsewhere. 不可避免的后果包括猖獗的腐败,缺乏具有全球竞争力的中国企业,长期浪费资源,猖獗的环境退化和飙升的不平等。最重要的是,共产党意识形态的垄断权力破产与多元化的观点不一致,安全属性和充满活力的动态经济赖以竞争。因此，中国的发展仍然依赖于其他国家开发的技术和制度。 36 Definition of CountryWhatis a country, and how is a country defined? Whenpeople ask how many countries there are in the world, they expecta simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have internationaltravel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the UnitedNations, so we should really knowhow many countries there are! However,the answer to the question varies according towhom you ask. Most people saythere are 192 countries, but others pointout that there could be more like 260 of them. Sowhy isn't there a straightforward answer? Theproblem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, forpolitical reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries. 什么是国家，如何定义国家? 当人们问世界上有多少个国家时，他们希望得到一个简单的答案。毕竟，我们已经探索了整个地球，我们有国际旅行，卫星导航和许多像联合国这样的全球性组织，所以我们应该知道有多少个国家! 然而，问题的答案因你问谁而异。大多数人说有192个国家，但也有人指出可能有260个。 那么为什么没有一个直接的答案呢? 出现这个问题的原因是，“国家”的定义没有得到普遍认同，而且由于政治原因，有些国家认为承认或不承认其他国家很方便。 37 United NationsFoundedafter World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to opposefuture aggression, the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru,Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and EastTimor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. UnitedNations Day has been observed onOctober 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of theorganization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarianmissions across the globe. Though some say its influencehas declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays atremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan,then Secretary-General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for theirwork for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations,16 are currently under way. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributedpersonnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As ofAugust 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtuallyevery UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada. 二战后，51个“爱好和平的国家”联合起来反对未来的侵略，联合国现在有192个成员国，其中包括1999年的瑙鲁、基里巴斯和汤加、2000年的图瓦卢和南斯拉夫、2002年的瑞士和东帝汶、2006年的黑山。 联合国日自1948年以来一直在10月24日庆祝，庆祝于1945年10月24日成立的联合国的目标和成就。联合国在全球执行维和和人道主义任务。尽管有人说，联合国的影响力近几十年来有所下降，但它在世界政治中仍然发挥着巨大的作用。2001年，联合国和当时的联合国秘书长科菲•安南(Kofi Annan)因“为建设一个更有组织、更和平的世界所做的努力”而获得诺贝尔和平奖。 自1948年以来，共有63项联合国维和行动，目前有16项正在进行中。到目前为止，已有近130个国家在不同时期提供人员;119正在提供维和人员。截至2008年8月31日，共有16项维和行动正在进行中，共有88,230人。小岛国斐济几乎参加了联合国的每一项维和行动，加拿大也是如此。 38 Job of a doctorInthe fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more andmore like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospitals andphysicians’ practices don’t justneed to know medicine. They mustalso be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and makedifficult marketing and legal decisions. “Thefocus in medical school is to train good doctors, but part of being a gooddoctor is being a good manager,” says Fawaz Siddiqi, a neurosurgical residentat the London Health Science Centre in Canada. “It’s having a coreunderstanding of how to work within the contextof an organisation.” 在瞬息万变的现代医疗领域，医生的工作越来越像首席执行官的工作。那些经营医院和医生诊所的人不仅仅需要了解医学。他们还必须能够平衡预算，调动庞大多样的员工队伍，做出艰难的营销和法律决定。 加拿大伦敦健康科学中心的神经外科住院医师Fawaz Siddiqi说:“医学院的重点是培养好医生，但成为一名好医生的一部分就是成为一名好的管理者。”“这是对如何在组织背景下工作的核心理解。” 39 Market for Vegetarian foodsMintelConsumer Intelligence estimates the2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat or otheranimal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditionalvegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the marketto nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming fromsoymilk, especially refrigerated brands. TheFood and Drug Administration's 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to includeheart- healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy proteinper serving and are also low in saturated fatand cholesterol has spurred tremendous interestin soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food TechInternational (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, thepercentage of consumers willingto try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy's effectiveness in reducing the symptoms ofmenopause also attracted new consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the UnitedSoybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy products once a weekor more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41%had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy foods USAe-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meatalternatives in food stores atnearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million. Mintel消费者情报公司(Mintel Consumer Intelligence)估计，2002年素食食品(直接取代肉类或其他动物产品的食品)的市场价值为15亿美元。请注意，这并不包括传统的素食食品，如农产品、面食和大米。Mintel预计，到2006年，市场规模将接近翻番，达到28亿美元，其中增长最快的是豆浆，尤其是冷冻品牌。 美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration，简称fda) 1999年决定，允许生产商在每份食品中添加至少6.25克大豆蛋白、饱和脂肪和胆固醇含量也较低的有益于心脏健康的食品，这激起了人们对豆浆和其他大豆食品的极大兴趣。制造商食品科技国际(VeggiePatch)的一位代表报告说，从1998年到1999年，愿意尝试大豆产品的消费者比例从32%跃升至67%。关于大豆在减少更年期症状方面的有效性的信念也吸引了新的消费者。联合大豆委员会(United soy Board)在2000年进行的一项调查显示，每周食用一次或更多大豆产品的人数高达27%。45%的受访者吃过豆腐，41%的人吃过素食汉堡，25%的人吃过豆浆(豆制品美国电子邮件通讯)。英敏特公司估计，2001年冷冻肉类替代品在食品店的销售额接近3亿美元，豆奶销售额接近2.5亿美元。 40 Wine and aleBythe drinking vessels were beingmade of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting –and in particular, of the “political” type of feast came in the late Hallstattperiod (about 600 – 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at themouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make itsway north and east along majorriver systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels fromthe Greek world. Thewine was thus added to the list ofmood-altering beverages – such as and ale available to establish socialnetworks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such asHeuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greekbronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supplyarchaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may alsohave travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown whatgoods were traded in return, butthey may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves. 饮水器由金属片制成，主要是青铜或黄金。然而，宴会——尤其是“政治”形式的宴会的高峰出现在哈尔施塔特后期(大约公元前600 - 450年)，在希腊殖民地马萨利亚(马赛)在莱茵河河口建立之后不久。从那以后，葡萄的血液开始沿着主要的河流系统向北和向东流动，同时还有从希腊进口的金属和陶瓷饮用容器。 因此，葡萄酒被列入了改变情绪的饮料名单——比如在铁器时代的欧洲，可以用来建立社交网络的啤酒。在希尔斯堡(hillforts)(比如德国的Heuneburg)发现的阁楼陶器碎片，以及在勃艮第(Burgundy)Vix发现的具有纪念意义的5世纪希腊青铜“krater”(或称葡萄酒混合容器)等奢侈品，提供了这种相互作用的考古证据。有机容器，如皮革或木酒桶也可能向北进入欧洲，但没有存活下来。目前尚不清楚交易的商品是什么，但它们可能包括咸肉、兽皮、木材、琥珀和奴隶。 41 Enigma 迷And if thevoice of an animal is not heard as message but as art, interesting things startto happen: Nature is no longer an alien enigma, but insteadsomething immediately beautiful, an exuberantopus with space for us to join in. Birdmelodies have always been called songs for a reason.As long as we have been listening, people have presumed there is music comingout of those scissoring beaks. 如果动物的声音不是作为一种信息而是作为一种艺术，有趣的事情开始发生:自然不再是一个陌生的谜，而是一种立即美丽的，充满活力的作品，我们可以加入其中。鸟的旋律一直被称为歌曲是有原因的。只要我们一直在听，人们就会认为有音乐从那些剪短的喙中传出来。 42 Oxford medical schoolWhen I enrolled in my master'scourse at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with thedecision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that Ididn't put very much weight onthis decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my originalprofession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, Isense how our views on medical problems have diverged.They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them;I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happierworking on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical workand seeing patients. However, when I think aboutthe rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the years spent readingweighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonderif these years were partly a waste oftime now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know the valueof my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the bioscienceswhen working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothingto do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vividmemories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to retainthese memories as a guide in my current occupation. 去年，当我在牛津大学(Oxford)攻读硕士课程时，我刚从医学院毕业，就决定永远离开临床科学。回想起来，我意识到当时我并没有太重视这个决定。但今天，我更清楚地明白了离开原来的职业的后果。当我遇到现在是内科医生和外科医生的老朋友时，我感觉到我们对医疗问题的看法有了分歧。他们仔细观察疾病的影响，并试图消除或减轻它们;我首先试着理解它们是如何产生的。虽然我偶尔会错过一些临床工作和看病人，但在这方面工作让我感觉更快乐。 然而，当我想到我的医疗技能和知识消耗的速度，那些年花在阅读沉重的医学教科书上的时间，花在床边上的时间，我有时会想，既然我现在正在从事研究工作，这几年是否在一定程度上是在浪费时间。 尽管如此，我知道我的医学教育的价值。当我们在基础研究中研究模型生物时，很容易忘记生物科学的重要性，而这些模型生物似乎与生病的孩子或痛苦的老人毫无关系。然而，我仍然清晰地记得那些残酷的万花筒般的疾病，以及它们如何袭击人类。我希望在我目前的职业生涯中，这些记忆能够成为我的向导。 43 Online campusRemember when universities were bursting at the seams withstudents sitting in the aisles, balancing books on theirknees? Nomore, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres asfor the internet revolution, which has greatly increasedthe volume and range of course materials availableonline in the past five years. "Thetemptation now is to simply think, 'Everythingwill be online so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause,of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. Thenation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the newacademic year and, while classes are generally well attendedfor the early weeks, it often does not last. "Thereis concern at the university level about student attendancedropping and why students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said. Butlecturers' pride - and fierce competitionamong universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge publiclyhow poorly attended many classes are. 还记得大学里学生们坐在走廊里，膝盖上放着书，挤得水泄不通吗? 看来没有了。电子学习很可能代表空空如也的演讲厅，就像互联网革命一样。过去5年，互联网革命大大增加了在线课程材料的数量和范围。 墨尔本大学(Universityof Melbourne)高等教育研究中心(Centre for The Study of Higher Education)的凯里·李·克劳斯(Kerri-LeeKrause)博士说:“现在的诱惑就是简单地想，‘一切都会在线，所以我不需要去上课’。” 美国的大学正在为新学年打开大门，尽管在开学的前几周，学生们通常都很踊跃，但这通常不会持续太久。 克劳斯博士说:“学生出勤率的下降以及学生们为什么不来听课，这引起了大学层面的关注。” 但讲师们的自尊心——以及大学里学生的激烈竞争——意味着很少有人愿意公开承认许多课程的上座率有多低。 44 Job-huntingIt’sprobably one of the most overused phrases in job-hunting, but also one of themost underutilized by job-seekers: dress for success. When it comes tojob-hunting, first impressions arecritical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself - to a potentialemployer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every effortto have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressingproperly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positivefirst impression. Shouldyou be judged by what you wear? Perhaps not, but the reality is, of course,that you are judged. Throughout the entire job-seeking process employers useshort-cuts — heuristics or rules of thumb — to save time. With cover letters,it’s the opening paragraph and a quick scan of your qualifications. Withresumes, it is a quick scan of your accomplishments. With the job interview,it’s how you’re dressed that sets the toneofthe interview. Howshould you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but youshould also try and do a little investigatingof your prospective employerso that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with the organization. If youoverdress (which is rare but can happen)or under dress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel thatyou don't care enough about the job. 这可能是求职中最常被滥用的短语之一，但也是求职者们最不常用的短语之一:为了成功而着装。说到找工作，第一印象至关重要。记住，你是在向潜在雇主推销你自己的产品。雇主问候你的第一件事就是你的着装;因此，你必须尽一切努力为你所寻找的工作找到合适的着装。得体的着装会让你得到这份工作吗?当然不会，但它会给你带来竞争优势和积极的第一印象。 你的穿着是否应该被评判?也许不是，但事实是，你是被评判的。在整个求职过程中，雇主们都使用捷径——启发法或经验法则——来节省时间。求职信的开头一段，快速浏览一下你的资历。简历是对你的成就的快速扫描。在面试中，你的穿着决定了面试的基调。 你应该如何着装?穿着保守永远是最安全的方式，但你也应该试着对你未来的雇主做一些调查，这样你在面试时穿的衣服就会让你看起来很适合这个公司。如果你穿得过了头(这种情况很少见，但可能会发生)，或者穿得不够好(更有可能出现这种情况)，那么潜在雇主可能会觉得你对这份工作不够关心。 45 The horned desert viperThehorned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists.Though it lies with its head buriedin the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now,Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the TechnicalUniversity of Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake’sauditory system to explain howthe snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears for it. Although thevipers have internal ears thatcan hear frequencies between 200and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they aredetecting. “The snakes don’t have external eardrums,”says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, thesnake won’t hear it.” 有角的沙漠毒蛇在夜间捕猎的能力一直困扰着生物学家。虽然它的头埋在沙子里，但一旦猎物出现，它就能精确打击。现在，德国慕尼黑工业大学的年轻物理学家Leovan Hemmen和Paul Friedel开发了一种蛇听觉系统的计算机模型，用来解释蛇是如何在没有耳朵的情况下“听到”猎物的。尽管蝰蛇有一个内部耳朵，能听到200到1000赫兹之间的频率，但他们所探测到的并不是老鼠四处乱窜的声音。“这些蛇没有外部耳膜，”凡·海门说。“所以，除非老鼠穿上靴子，开始跺脚，否则蛇是不会听到的。” 46 Impact and management of purple loosestrifeTheinvasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrityand function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystemimpacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based onpotential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negativeimpacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenousspecies result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, managementof purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for lack ofevidence demonstrating negative impacts of Lythrum salicaria, and managementusing biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventionalcontrol methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts onnative wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of thecontrol program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that theinvasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling,leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seedoutput of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland birdspecies such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marshwrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), havecontinuously failed to curb thespread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although anumber of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife,wetland habitat specialists are excluded by encroachmentof Lythrum salicaria. We conclude that negative ecosystem impacts ofpurple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that detrimental effects of purple loosestrifeon wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweighpotential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate theimpact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession andother wetland biota. 外来植物的入侵被认为是对生态系统完整性和功能的主要威胁。然而，关于入侵物种对生态系统的影响几乎没有定量或实验证据。控制的理由通常是基于潜在的，但目前没有意识到、认识到或量化的负面影响。对非土著物种影响缺乏科学确定性是否会导致推迟防止退化的措施?近年来，由于缺乏证据证明千屈菜的负面影响，以及缺乏证据证明传统控制方法的失败，人们对紫海棠的管理提出了批评。虽然小量化证据的负面影响原生湿地的动植物和湿地功能是可以在1985年的控制程序,最近的研究表明,紫色珍珠菜的入侵北美淡水湿地改变分解率和养分循环,导致湿地植物多样性的减少,降低了授粉和种子产量的原生Lythrum alatum,也降低了特定湿地鸟类的栖息地适宜性，比如黑燕鸥，最小的麻鸦，斑纹鸟和沼泽鹪鹩。传统的方法(物理的、机械的或化学的)，一直未能遏制紫色马蹄草的扩散或提供令人满意的控制。虽然有许多种类繁多的昆虫和鸟类利用千屈菜，但湿地生境专家被水杨柳的入侵排除在外。我们得出的结论是，在北美，紫椴对生态系统的负面影响证明了对该物种的控制是合理的，而紫椴对湿地系统和生物群的有害影响以及控制的潜在益处超过了引入生物控制剂所带来的潜在风险。长期的实验和监测项目将评估这些昆虫对紫苔草、湿地植物演替和其他湿地生物的影响。 47 Space work for an astronautThe space work for anastronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and thework is carried out alongside thecraft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel.Outside the craft, they can seehow the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change theirbiological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the spacerubbish. 宇航员的太空工作可以在里面或外面，在里面他们可以监视机器和工作被运送到飞船旁边。他们还需要确保太空旅行。在飞船外，他们可以看到种子在太空中的反应。一些种子公司送种子给他们，以调查种子如何改变其生物学特性。在飞船外，他们可以进行实验或者清理太空垃圾。 48 Roman arenaTheRomans glorified the bravery shownin the arena, but trivialized theevents and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions andcombats, graphically violent toour eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homesof wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly understand such images?Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized itssignificance and represented the institutionalizedviolence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendencywas also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them aspitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of thearena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars havestarted to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments andfor contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves. 罗马人称赞竞技场上的勇敢，却轻视比赛，贬低参与者。在我们看来非常暴力的处决和战斗的马赛克图片，被陈列在罗马富人家中的公共房间甚至餐厅里。今天的观众怎么可能理解这些图像呢?直到不久以前，现代作家写的关于竞技场的文章都在淡化它的重要性，把制度化的暴力作为罗马历史的副业。人们倾向于通过我们自己的眼睛来看待这些事件，认为它们是令人同情或恐怖的，尽管对大多数罗马人来说，对竞技场受害者的同情是不可想象的。然而，在过去的几十年里，学者们开始分析致命的公共娱乐活动的复杂动机，以及角斗士被视为受人鄙视但却深受爱戴的英雄奴隶的矛盾观点。 49 Scientist’s JobScientistsmake observations, have assumptions and do experiments.After these have been done, he got his results.Then there are a lot of data from scientists.The scientists around the world have a pictureof world. 科学家进行观察、假设和实验。做完这些之后，他得到了他的结果。还有很多来自科学家的数据。世界各地的科学家都有一张世界的图片。 50 A DogADOG may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuriesselective breeding has pulled atthe canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed,some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though,offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape iscontrolled. The ancestry of pedigreepooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there isplenty of material to work with. Moreover,breeds are, by definition, inbred,and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, ofAmerica's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify thegenetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal. 狗可能是人类最好的朋友。但人并不总是狗的朋友。经过几个世纪的选择性繁殖，犬类的体型产生了一种奇怪的变形。事实上，当在人身上发现这些扭曲时，有些被认为是病态。然而，养狗确实给那些想了解如何控制体型的人提供了一个机会。有关纯种狗祖先的记载相当完备，它们寿命短，体型大的特点为研究提供了大量的素材。此外，根据定义，品种是近亲繁殖，这简化了遗传分析。美国国家人类基因组研究所的ElaineOstrander希望找到特定血统特征的遗传基础，因此他们有了理想的实验动物。 51 The Ministerial Staffing SystemThecontemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - farlarger and further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demandsfor help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly competitive andprofessionalised political environment have been key drivers of the staffingsystem's development. But there has not been commensurate growth in arrangements to support and control it.The operating framework forministerial staff is fragmented andad hoc. 当代的部长级人员编制系统是庞大的、活跃的和有党派色彩的——比威斯敏斯特的任何类似机构都要大得多，而且发展得更远。部长们要求帮助应对竞争日益激烈和专业化的政治环境带来的压力，是推动人事制度发展的关键因素。但是，在支持和控制它的安排方面，并没有相应的增长。部长工作人员的业务框架是零散的和特别的。 52 Alaska IslandAlaska'sAleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks.They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the western end of the1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship's infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home.Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands. 阿拉斯加的阿留申群岛早就习惯了沉船。自1780年，一艘日本捕鲸船在长达1100英里(1800公里)的火山群岛的西端搁浅以来，它们就一直是当地意识的一部分。当日本捕鲸船的大批昆虫迅速上岸并在岛上安家时，日本捕鲸船无意中命名了现在的鼠岛。自那以后，该群岛至少发生了190起沉船事故。 53 Peter GarrettNoone in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyrightcan confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 percent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to theirfamilies for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyrightlaw is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreementwith the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Isit scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership ofcorporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildrenare still reaping the benefits ofWest End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy thecontinuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that bien pensant politicians have attempted toappear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliamentfor their existence and by giving away much more in value than any publicbenefit could justify. In doingso they have betrayed our trust. 在议会中没有人会比彼得·加勒特更加清楚慷慨版权可以授予，所以看似正确的应该由他去宣布一个艺术家的版税, 总计销售原版后的5%,可以继续给他们的家人多达150年。但这忽略了一个事实，即版权法是一桩丑闻。最近，美国与中国签订的自由贸易协定(FreeTrade Agreement)加剧了这一丑闻。真正有价值的版权最终归公司所有，这是可耻的吗(尽管阿加莎·克里斯蒂(Agatha Christie)毫无疑问值得尊敬的曾孙们仍在从伦敦西区的成功中获得利益，因为她和加里克俱乐部(Garrick Club)的成员们享受着a·a·米尔恩(A.A. Milne)的克里斯托弗·罗宾(ChristopherRobin)作品的延续成果)? 不。丑闻在于，作为善于思考的政客，他们试图通过创造私人资产来显得有文化的，而私人资产的存在有赖于议会的法案，而且他们付出的价值远远超过任何公共利益所能证明的价值。他们这样做违背了我们的信任。 54 KatakanaAneccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage withgrand abandon. A "kariya" woman is a career woman, and a"manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or uniqueJapanese versions of Western words, and the younger generation's more casualuse of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi toworry that these new words may not be understood by a wider audience. As a result, a government panel isproposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign wordsbecame katakana Japanese because noexisting Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. Whenthe word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations didnot make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and nevergets upset. On the other hand,someone who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation, "cool." Similarly, a hotto person is one who iseasily excitable, perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person orpersonality of the moment. 一种由英语、德语和法语混合而成的古怪语言已经被日本人大量使用。“卡里亚”女人是职业女性，“曼逊”是公寓。日本越来越多地使用片假名(日语中独特的西方单词)，以及年轻一代更随意地使用日语，使得日本首相小泉纯一郎(JunichiroKoizumi)担心，这些新词可能不会被更广泛的受众所理解。因此，一个政府小组提议出版一本关于如何说正确日语的手册。外来词之所以成为片假名日语，是因为现有的日语词汇都不能很好地表达特定的含义或感受。当“酷”这个词在东方传播时，它的所有英语含义都没有出现。在日本，库鲁人是一个冷静，从不沮丧的人。另一方面，kakkoii这个人很时髦，或者翻译过来就是“酷”。同样，“热心肠”的人也很容易激动，可能很有激情，但不一定是当红的人或当红的人。 55 Complementary TherapiesComplementary therapies - suchas those practised bynaturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists - have become increasinglypopular in Australia over the last few decades.Interest initially coincided with enthusiasmfor alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contactand trade with China have also had an influence.The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas:legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion inmedical education; and scientific research into their efficacy. 在过去的几十年里，补充疗法——比如由自然疗法医师、脊椎指压治疗师和针灸师实施的疗法——在澳大利亚越来越流行。与此同时，人们对另类的生活方式有狂热的兴趣，移民和与中国日益增加的接触与贸易也产生了影响。补充疗法的地位正在若干领域得到重新探讨:法律法规;医生协会的立场;将其纳入医学教育;并对其功效进行科学研究。 56 Mike’s ResearchIn 2001 he received the SIUCOutstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award forDistinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society forMicrobiology. Mike’s research is focused onbacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and forthe past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-coveredlakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his researchpapers, he has edited a major treatise onphototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. Hecurrently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’snonscientific interests includeforestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with hiswife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), andfour horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus). 2001年，他获得SIUC杰出学者奖。2003年，他获得了美国微生物学会颁发的卡尔斯基杰出本科教学奖。迈克的研究重点是生活在极端环境中的细菌，在过去的12年里，他研究了南极麦克默多干谷永久性冰覆盖湖泊的微生物学。除了他的研究论文，他还编辑了一篇关于光营养性细菌的主要论文，并担任《微生物档案》杂志的主编长达十多年。他目前是环境微生物学编辑委员会成员。迈克的非科学兴趣包括林业、阅读和照顾他的狗和马。他和妻子南希、五条狗(盖诺、斯诺菲、皮斯托、花生和梅里)以及四匹马(施普林格、菲维尔、格温和费斯都)住在一个宁静的湖边。 57 Meet Customer Demand‘Just-in-time,’is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to theproduction of goods to meet customer demand exactlyin time, quality and quantity, whether the‘customer’ is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production line. It hasnow come to mean producing with minimum waste. 58 Egg-Eating SnakesEgg-eating snakes are a smallgroup of snakes whose diet consists only ofeggs. Some eat only small eggs, which they have to swallow whole,as the snake has no teeth. Instead, some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but itrequires special treatment. These snakes have spinesthat stick out from the backbone. The spines crackthe egg open as it passes through the throat. 吃蛋蛇是一种只吃蛋的蛇。有些人只吃小鸡蛋，因为蛇没有牙齿，所以他们不得不整个吞下去。相反，其他一些蛇吃更大的蛋，但这需要特殊的处理。这些蛇有从脊椎骨里伸出来的刺。当蛋通过喉咙时，脊椎会把它撕开。 59 Flower Attract Insects(非原文，仅大意。Only the gist. Not the original text.) 60 Two farmsAfew summers ago, I visited two dairy farms, Huls Farm and Gardar Farm, whichdespite being located thousands of miles apart were still remarkably similarin their strengths and vulnerabilities. Bothwere by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farmsin their respectivedistricts. In particular, each was centeredaround a magnificent state-of-the-artbarn for shelteringand milking cows. Those structures, bothneatly divided into opposite-facing rows of cowstalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both farms let their cows grazeoutdoors in lush pastures during the summer,produced their hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows throughthe winter, and increasedtheirproduction of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields. The twofarms were similar in an area (a few square miles) and barn size, Huls barnholding somewhat more cows than Gardar barn (200 vs. 165 cows, respectively).The owners of both farms were viewed as leaders of their respective societies.Both owners were deeply religious. Both farms were located in gorgeous naturalsettings that attract tourists from afar, with backdrops of high snow-cappedmountains drained by streams teaming with fish, and sloping down to a famousriver (below Huls Farm) or 3ord (below Gardar Farm). 几年前的一个夏天，我参观了两个奶牛场，赫尔斯农场和加达农场，尽管它们相距数千英里，但它们的优势和弱点仍然惊人地相似。这两个农场都是各自地区最大、最繁荣、技术最先进的农场。特别的是，每一个都围绕着一个华丽的最先进的谷仓，用来庇护和挤牛奶。这些建筑整齐地分成了一排排对面的牛栏，使这个地区的所有其他谷仓相形见绌。这两个农场都允许它们的奶牛在夏天在茂盛的牧场里吃草，在夏末生产干草以供奶牛在冬天吃草，并通过灌溉农田增加了它们夏季饲料和冬季干草的产量。这两个农场在面积(几平方英里)和谷仓大小上相似，赫尔斯(Huls)谷仓比Gardar(分别是200头和165头)多饲养一些奶牛。这两个农场的主人都被视为各自社会的领袖。两位主人都笃信宗教。这两个农场都坐落在美丽的自然环境中，吸引着来自远方的游客，背后是高高的雪山，山上的溪流与鱼汇合，山上有一条著名的河流(在赫尔斯农场下面)或3ord农场下面(在加达农场下面)。 61 InvestmentOnecity will start to attract the majority ofpublic or private investment. Tis could be due to natural advantage or political decisions. This in turn will stimulate further investment due to themultiplier effect and significant ruralto urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the expense of other cities. 一个城市将开始吸引大部分公共或私人投资。这可能是由于自然优势或政治决定。这进而将刺激由于乘数效应和农村对城市移民的显著影响而进一步投资。在这个城市投资将以牺牲其他城市为代价. 62 Anderson (安徒生)Fans of biographical criticismhave a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like LewisCarroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen wasnear-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, allthree had to |